EARN-OUT PAYMENTS ON BUSINESS SALES

When you sell a business, you may receive some of the consideration up front and another payment later if the business meets certain targets, that later payment is called an 'earn-out'.

How this earn-out is taxed can be tricky to work out, as it depends on a number of factors. For example: is the earn-out to be paid in cash or as shares or bonds, or is there a cash alternative to the offer of shares/bonds? Can the value of the earn-out be determined at the time the business was sold, or not until some later event has occurred?

Determining or 'ascertaining' the value of the earn-out is crucial for your capital gains tax computation.

If the earn-out can be ascertained (even within a broad range of values) at the time the business is sold, both the up-front and earn-out payments must be taxed as if they were both received together at the business sale date.

This can work in your favour. If the business sale qualifies for entrepreneurs' relief, the up-front payment and earn-out which is taxed with it will also qualify for entrepreneurs' relief. This reduces the tax payable on the earn-out to 10%. However, if the earn-out can't be ascertained until it is received, it won't qualify for entrepreneurs' relief, so will be taxed at 28% (or your highest rate for CGT).

We should discuss all this before you finalise the sale of your business. There are numerous ways of structuring the payment for a business and they all have different tax implications.

USING THE SEIS

The seed enterprise investment scheme (SEIS) is designed to help small companies raise modest amounts of funding (up to £150,000). The investor must subscribe for new shares issued by the company (not buy them from another shareholder), and in return he can claim income tax relief equal to 50% of the cost of those shares.

If the investor has made a capital gain in the same tax year as he makes the SEIS investment, up to 50% of the amount invested in SEIS shares can be set against that capital gain to reduce the CGT payable. This CGT reduction was 100% for gains in 2012/13, but is only 50% for gains arising in 2013/14.

That sounds wonderful, but there are a lot of conditions for the investor and the company to comply with before the SEIS tax relief can be given.

The first hurdle is to check if the company's trade will qualify for SEIS relief. Many 'safe' financial trades such as banking, money lending, accountancy or legal services are excluded. Also any trade where the company is likely to hold valuable property doesn't qualify such as; running hotels or nursing homes, farming, woodland management, property development or property dealing.

Businesses which are related to any of the excluded trades need to be looked at very carefully. For example running a public house can qualify, but if it lets residential rooms it could be classified as a hotel which would mean it doesn't qualify. An estate agent business may qualify, but a large part of an estate agent's business can be arranging mortgages, which is a financial activity that doesn't qualify. HMRC are prepared to provide assurance in advance of issuing shares as to whether a particular trade will qualify.

The second major hurdle is that the SEIS investor must not hold more than 30% of the company either alone, or together with relatives or other associates. Other shareholders can hold 30% or more of the company, but those shareholders will not be eligible for the SEIS tax relief.

An SEIS investor can invest up to £100,000 in a single tax year on which tax relief can be claimed, which can be spread over a number of companies.

VAT ON SALE OF COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS

When purchasing or selling a commercial property one of the first things to establish is whether VAT will be applied to the price of the property. Land and buildings are generally exempt from VAT, but 'new' commercial property (i.e. less than three years old) will have VAT applied. Otherwise VAT should only be charged on the sale of a commercial property where the seller has previously elected to apply VAT to the property. This election is known as the 'option to tax'.

There are circumstances where the option to tax may be disapplied by the seller, such as where the purchaser is going to use the building solely for charitable purposes or the building will be converted into residential use. If there is any question that VAT should not be applied to the sale, the seller must ask the purchaser for written confirmation of the intended use of the building.

When the purchaser plans to convert the building to residential use it must provide the seller with a VAT certificate (form VAT1614D) to confirm their intentions for the building. In other circumstances a written instruction from the purchaser should be sufficient.

Where VAT is applied to the price of the building, the stamp duty land tax (SDLT) charge will inevitably be higher, as SDLT is charged on the gross consideration paid, including the VAT charged. If you are planning to purchase a commercial property, or sell one, ask us to check the VAT implications before the price is agreed.

CONTRACTOR LOAN SCHEMES

Have you taken part in a contractor loan scheme? This is a tax saving scheme which was widely sold to workers in personal service industries, such as IT contractors.

To use the scheme the individual would sign an employment contract with an offshore employer, but work for customers in the UK. The individual would often receive a large proportion of their fee for that work as a loan from the offshore employer. They were told the loan was not taxable, except for a small benefit in kind charge on the unpaid interest on the loan, but that's not what the Taxman thinks.

The Taxman has publicly announced that he is opening tax enquires into individuals' tax returns for periods during which they have used such loan schemes. In some cases the individual will receive a tax bill for the years 2008/09 to 2010/11, to collect the tax they think they avoided. There will be penalties and interest to pay on any tax found to be avoided.

If you have used a similar loan scheme to reduce UK tax, you should talk to us.

NEW EMPLOYEE SHAREHOLDER STATUS

The Government thinks that employees who own shares in their employing company feel more involved in that business and hence are happy and loyal employees. So it has introduced a new share scheme from 1st September 2013 which allows you, as an employer, to give your employees tax-free shares in your company, but in return the employees must give up some key employment rights.

How does this work?

The employee must sign a fresh employment contract called an 'employee shareholder' contract, then they must be issued with shares worth at least £2,000 (and up to £50,000) in their employing company. When the individual sells those shares any gain arising on that disposal is completely exempt from capital gains tax. However, any gain up to £10,900 (for 2013/14) would be tax free anyway.

Normally where shares are awarded to an employee their value is treated as taxable income for that employee, unless the shares are issued under an approved share scheme. In this case the first £2,000 worth of shares awarded will be free of income tax and NIC, but not any further shares.

The downside is the employee must surrender all of following rights to take up employee shareholder status and receive the free shares:

- compensation for unfair dismissal, apart from when this is automatically unfair or relates to anti-discrimination law;
- request for time off for studying or training;
- request for flexible working; and
- statutory redundancy pay.

Also the employee must give 16 weeks' notice (instead of 8 weeks) when returning from maternity or adoption leave.

This sounds like an attractive deal for an entrepreneur who doesn't care about his own employment rights. However, any person who holds 25% or more of the company (alone or with associates) can't take up employee shareholder status and enjoy the tax-free shares. So this share scheme can only be used to give shares to employees who don't already have a significant share in the company.

Before implementing this scheme you should take employment law advice, and specialist advice on how to value your company's shares. The employees should also take independent advice before signing away their employment rights, but you, as their employer, can pay for that advice with no tax consequences.

INDIVIDUAL SAVINGS ACCOUNTS

Use your Individual Savings Account (ISA) allowance each year to enjoy tax-free interest.

For 2013/14 the limit is £11,520 (of which up to £5,760 can be invested in cash).

You can invest in cash, insurance, stocks and shares, etc. up to the limit each year and all proceeds are free from personal taxation. Investing at the start of each year maximises the tax-free return.

These ISAs are also useful for the retention of income within the fund as this is received effectively tax-free. This means that the fund can grow at a faster rate than if the funds were held outside an ISA where potentially 20%, 40% or 45% of the investment return would be taxed.

Using an ISA to invest £10,000 each year for ten years will provide a pot of £100,000 plus accumulated interest which is generating tax-free returns. Over a number of years this can be a viable alternative to a pension fund as proceeds can be taken at any time and there is no requirement to wait for retirement age or to take an annuity.

USE NON-TAXPAYERS' PERSONAL ALLOWANCES

If one spouse or civil partner is working and the other has no taxable income, it is worthwhile considering transferring income producing investments to the non-working spouse/civil partner in order to utilise their personal allowance.

This will save tax on the income and will increase the overall return from these investments.

This can be useful with even the smallest amounts of savings.